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This chapter presents a taxonomy of hacktivism defined by variation in hacktivist origins (in the hacker-programmer or artist-activist worlds) and orientations (transgressive or outlaw). The dissertation coins three terms to describe the three types of hacktivism, which are defined by variations in hacktivist origins and orientations:
Hacker culture
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Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
Steven Levy (New York: Penguin Books, 1984)
A Brief History of Hackerdom
Eric Steven Raymond, August 25, 2000
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Ronda Hauben
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Bruce Sterling, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, February, 1993
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Postmodern Politics and the Battle for the Future
Steven Best and Douglas Kellner
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Ellen Meiksins Wood, Jul, 1995
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Roland Bleiker, Pacifica Review, October, 2002
The Eternal Return of Politics
Sakari Hanninen, Mar, 2003
Recombinant Theatre and Digital Resistance
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Augusto Boal (New York: Routledge, 1999)
No Logo
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Carnivalesque Resistance to Global Spectacle: A Critical Postmodern Theory of Public Administration
David M. Boje, April 30, 2001
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Hacker culture
Douglas Thomas (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002)
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The hacker battle for cyberspace
Xavier La Canna, The Age, May 8, 2001
Cyberwar could spare bombs
Julian Borger, The Guardian, November 5, 1999
Is there a Hacker Ethic for 90s Hackers?
Steven Mizrach
http://listserv.gao.gov COMPROMISED
2001
AIC (Anti India Crew) interview
Domina Security
Interview with World's Fantabulous Defacers
Domina Security
Pro-Palestinian Hackers Strike Again
Ayub Khan, IslamOnline.net, May 16, 2001
Site Defacement (Schoolnet India Owned!)
B_Real, 2001
Mass defacement
m0r0n and nightman, December 23, 2000, 2000
Digital
Attacks Archive for WFD
Zone-H, 2004
Hackers stump site
Sports Marketing, April 18, 2001
Site defacement
m0r0n and nightman, September 23, 2000
The Digital Revolt: Resistance & Agency on the Net
Will Taggart, Working Papers on New Media and Information Technology in the Middle East (NMIT), June, 2001
India Cracked interview with WFD
May 24, 2001
Site defacement
WFD, November 19, 2000
Site defacement
WFD, November 28, 2000, 2000
Defacement of www.ann-arbor.med.va.gov
m0r0n and nightman, December 16, 2000
Site defacement
WFD, February 23, 2001, 2001
Who's afraid of the virtual goons?
Ellen Horowitz, March 18, 2001
Pro-Islamic Hacker Groups Joining Forces Globally
Content-Wire, June 18, 2002
The Strange Paradox of RTMark
Anthony J. Sebok, FindLaw, November 19, 2001
Can you counter-attack hackers?
Winn Schwartau, CNN.com, April 7, 2000
The Law and Politics of Internet Activism
Anita Ramasastry, FindLaw, June 5, 2002
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ricardo Dominguez, November 9, 1996
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floodnet:
the NSA show
Stefan Wray, 1999
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Their Civil Disobedience, the 'Sit-In' Is Virtual
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The World in Twenty-Five Years
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Electronic Disturbance Theater and Electronic Civil Disobedience
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TELL
THE WORLD: STOP THE WAR IN MEXICO NETSTRIKE AGAINST GOVERNMENT, MILITARY,
AND FINANCIAL WEB SITES IN MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES, AND GERMANY
Electronic Disturbance Theater, August 25, 1998
Cyber-civil
disobedience
Winn Schwartau, 01/11/99, 1999
Operacion
Digna
coco fusco, October 31, 2003
Netsrike
against the World Economic Fools meeting in NYC
Ricardo Dominguez, January 25, 2002
Call
for Electronic Civil Disobedience
One Global One, 1999
The
Axe of Censorship Falls on the Roman Civic Network
The Thing Roma, October 4, 2000
Mapping
the Repertoire of Electronic Convention
Sasha Costanza-Chock, 2001
Defunct Internet
Protocol
Optiklenz, Keen Veracity, December, 1998
Hacktivism,
From Here to There
Oxblood Ruffin, March 28, 2004
Hacktivismo Projects
Hacktivismo, 2002
Camera/Shy
demo
stonefisk, July 7, 2002